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206 PI-MAX
®
4 System Manual Issue 4
Figure 14-1: Block Diagram: EMCCD with Dual Output Registers
The degree of multiplication gain is controlled by increasing or decreasing the clock
voltages for the multiplication register (gain is exponentially proportional to the voltage.)
Although the probability of generating secondary electrons is fairly low (i.e., typically 0.01
per stage,) over the large number of stages within a typical multiplication register, the total
gain can be quite high.
NOTE:
Because on-chip multiplication introduces additional noise, it
is recommended that the multiplication be used only as
required.
PI-MAX4: EM cameras combine an EMCCD with standard intensifiers to provide an
additional gain stage for increased sensitivity in extremely low-light applications. This
combination is referred to as emICCD.
Figure 14-2
illustrates a typical emICCD hardware stack.
Normal Voltage Clock
Standard Serial Register
Frame-transfer Area
Sensor Area
High Voltage Clock
Output or Sensor Node
Extended Multiplication Register
Readout
Amplifier
Output or Sensor Node
Normal
For standard, high dynamic range
applications
Multiplication Gain
For high speed, low light level
applications
Readout
Amplifier
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